Materi bilingual kelas VII
MAP
CARTOGRAPHY IS SCIENCE THAT STUDIES METHODS TO MAKE A MAP
COMES FROM GREEK WORDS
CHARTOS MEANS PETA
GRAPHIEN MEANS DRAWING
MAP IS A GENERAL PICTURE OF A PART OR ALL OF THE EARTH SURFACE AND IT’S TOPOGRAPHY, WHICH IS DRAWN ON A AREA WITH CERTAIN SCALES
The first map was made by babylon people in 2.300 BC. This map was made from the chip of clay that eriginally was made for land tax purpose.
Function of map
Directional guide for traveller
To show the position of an object on the surface of the earth
To show the size or measure of the earth surface
To show shapes of islands, countries, continent and flow pattern
To help the scientists before surveying an area for study
As a medium to explain the plains proposed
Kind of map
Based of content :
1. General map is a map which shows various topographies of the earth surface of the area which is mapped. Example topographic map is a map which represents various reliefs of the earth surface completely with some cultureal elements representation. Chorographic map is a map which picturizes all or a part of the earth surface.
2. Thematic Map/Special Map is a map which show various topographies of an area on the surface of the earth. Example climatic map is a map which shows the climate of a place. Population distribution is map which shows the number of population in an area. Mine distrbution shows the spreading and types of minesin an area.
Based of the Shape
1. Relief Map/3D map is a map made based on real earth surface with symbols such as cubes, bars and spherical graph
2. Falt map /2 dimension is a map which is made on a flat medium or a sheet of paper likes topographic map
3. Digital map is map whichs is presented and can be read on a computer
Map requirement
1. Equivalence/scale is the comparation between the area on the map must be propotional to the area in the reality
2. Equidistance is comparison of distance in the map must be proposioned to the real distance
3. Conform is shapes of all adges in the map must be same with the real shapes
4. Unconfusing
5. Complete
6. Clean and nice
Component/element of map
1. Map title
2. Years or source of map production
3. Orientation/compas
4. Scale is comparison between two dots in the map and the real distance on the real area
5. Legend is information of the symbols used on the map
6. Astronomic line consist of latitude (garis lintang) and meridian (garis bujur)
7. Border map line for put the degree numbers of latitude and meridien
8. Inset is additional map in smaller size but with bigger scale than the primary map
ATLAS
1. Is a compilation of map in a book
2. The formation if atlas in a book will make a map comprehend process become eisier.
Reqirement of atlas
1. Atlas title
2. Years of atlas make
3. Table of contents
4. Legend
5. Indeks is used to make it eisier to search for the location of the city, mountain or island
Types of atlas
1. General atlas, likes world or national atlas
2. Specifik atlas, example hystorical atlas and geographical atlas
3. Universal atlas
Use of atlas are as follows :
1. Indeks can be used for find the location with name
2. Table of content can used for find the bigger information like continent or country
3. Latitude/parallel line. Equator is the line that devided the earth into two equal parts
4. Longitude/meridian is an imaginery line between the north to south poles
5. legend
GLOBE
From the Latin word “GLOBEES” means circle or ball.
So globe defintion is a spherical object that rotates around an axis. Axis is the center of rotation
The globe function
1. To show the real shapeof the earthand its whole surface
2. To show the division system of latitude and meridians ant the length of a latitudeto show the distance among meridians, the close to the pole the distance becomes shirter, meet each other at the pole
3. As the visual display of the phenomenon of night and day
4. As the visual dsplay of eartthrotation
Advantages of globe
1. Has a shape that similar to the real shape of the earth
2. Has accurate scale of distance
3. The astronomic and geographical positions are easly to learn
4. Easy to know the spread of land
5. Easy to learn about the solar climate division
Weakness of globe
The scale is too small
A globe is impractical to bring everywhere
Selasa, 07 April 2009
MANPOWER
Materi IPS terpadu kelas VIII Bilingual
Definition
1 Employment is who someone is paid to work for a company or organisazation
3 Work age inhibatitans are who are 15 age years old up.
4 Non work age are those who are under 15 years old or who have been up of 65 years old..
5 Labour force is Resident which has entered work age, either those who have accuption, who have not or who are seekingfor work
6 Manpower is person that ready to do stuff
Unemployent is the number of people who do not have a job which provides money
According to the length of working time
1 Open unemployment takes place when labour actually do not have any work
2 Under unemployment happens when labour do not work optimally because of nothingmess of vacation or employment
3 Disguished unemployment takes place when labour do not work optimumly because the excess of labour
According to its caution
1 Struktural unemployment takes place because a change in economic structure, example a change of agrarian economic structure to industrial economic structure.
2 Frictional unemployment is commutation of work or friction of lanbour.
3 Seasonal unemployment because of a periodic change of labour demand. Like part time lobur.
Definition
1 Employment is who someone is paid to work for a company or organisazation
3 Work age inhibatitans are who are 15 age years old up.
4 Non work age are those who are under 15 years old or who have been up of 65 years old..
5 Labour force is Resident which has entered work age, either those who have accuption, who have not or who are seekingfor work
6 Manpower is person that ready to do stuff
Unemployent is the number of people who do not have a job which provides money
According to the length of working time
1 Open unemployment takes place when labour actually do not have any work
2 Under unemployment happens when labour do not work optimally because of nothingmess of vacation or employment
3 Disguished unemployment takes place when labour do not work optimumly because the excess of labour
According to its caution
1 Struktural unemployment takes place because a change in economic structure, example a change of agrarian economic structure to industrial economic structure.
2 Frictional unemployment is commutation of work or friction of lanbour.
3 Seasonal unemployment because of a periodic change of labour demand. Like part time lobur.
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
The economic system in Indonesia is economic democracy is an economic system which came from by and for the people. The people play role active in economic activity, and government shares to give the direction and guidance of economic policy.
Fundament of economic system in Indonesia
Ideology fundament (phylosophical) : Pancasila
Structural fundament (operational) : UUD 1945 section 33 (23A-23G) section 27, section 34
Section 33 UUD 45, constitution of 1945 output of the fourth amandement states that :
1. The economy is arranged as collective work with by virtue of kinship principle.
2. Production branches which are vital for the state and which gains control of throng intention is controlled by the state.
3. Earth, water and natural resources which consist in it is dominated by the state and utilities as big as possible for the people’s prosperity.
4. The national economyis carried out by virtue of economic democracy on the principles of togetherness, efficiency, a fair deal, continuating, whith vision of environment, independence, and also balancing, advancement and unity of national economy.
5. Further regulation concering the implementation this section is arranged by-law
6. Operational fundament : Broad Outlines of the National’s Direction
Positif traits of economic democracy :
1. The economy is arranged as collective work by virtue of kinship principle.
2. Production branch which are vital for the state and which gains control of live throng intention is conrolledby the state.
3. Earth, water and natural resources which consist in it is dominated by the state and utilities as big as possible for the people’s prosperity
4. The sources of the state’s properties and finance are used with convenant of people representation.
Negative features :
1. Free fight liberalism
2. Etatisme
3. Monopoly
Fundament of economic system in Indonesia
Ideology fundament (phylosophical) : Pancasila
Structural fundament (operational) : UUD 1945 section 33 (23A-23G) section 27, section 34
Section 33 UUD 45, constitution of 1945 output of the fourth amandement states that :
1. The economy is arranged as collective work with by virtue of kinship principle.
2. Production branches which are vital for the state and which gains control of throng intention is controlled by the state.
3. Earth, water and natural resources which consist in it is dominated by the state and utilities as big as possible for the people’s prosperity.
4. The national economyis carried out by virtue of economic democracy on the principles of togetherness, efficiency, a fair deal, continuating, whith vision of environment, independence, and also balancing, advancement and unity of national economy.
5. Further regulation concering the implementation this section is arranged by-law
6. Operational fundament : Broad Outlines of the National’s Direction
Positif traits of economic democracy :
1. The economy is arranged as collective work by virtue of kinship principle.
2. Production branch which are vital for the state and which gains control of live throng intention is conrolledby the state.
3. Earth, water and natural resources which consist in it is dominated by the state and utilities as big as possible for the people’s prosperity
4. The sources of the state’s properties and finance are used with convenant of people representation.
Negative features :
1. Free fight liberalism
2. Etatisme
3. Monopoly
THE ECONOMY SYSTEM
THE ECONOMY SYSTEM OF INDONESIA
Economic main problem is goods and which should be made, how to produce the goods and service and for whom the goods and service are product.
The system of economic is a method of arrangement in the economic field, such as production, distribution and consumption in the effort of improving people prosperity.
The system economic can be influenced by :
1. Ideology
2. History
3. Culture
Purpose of an aconomic system is in order that the economic activities are carried out to become one organized orderly, harmonious, and out of disorder unity.
Kind Of economic System
1. Traditional System
Is one which still makes use of traditional to arrange the whole life aspect and behavior.
The characteristic of traditional economic system :
a. Depending on the nature
b. The activity is performed accord with tradition/habit
c. Technological levelis still very simple
d. The activity is still limited to accomplish the principle or main requirement
e. The society are unwilling to accept modernity
f. The exchange system or barter still exists
• The advantage this system is laid on kinship relationship, civic minded and very strong solidarity and not egoistic
• The weakness of traditional economic system is unwilling to accept change or innovation from outside, so that the product yielded is very small, quality is relatively lower and do not grow.
2. Liberal Economic System
Is which gives freedom to individual or private institution to carry oout economic activity according to their own consideration.
Liberalism system has characteristic :
a. Each individual is free to have goods and production devices.
b. The economic activity in all sectors is measured by the society (private sector)
c. The government does not intervere directly in economic activity
d. Capital plays an important role in economic activity
e. Everyone is given free rein in the case of usage of goods and service
f. The production activity is performed with a purpose to look for maximum profit
g. There is free competition between one company with another
The advantages from liberalism economic system :
a. Freedom to choose the production devices and capital
b. Authorship of running a business, choosing a professiona and determining consumption
c. There are competition among the entrepreneurs
The weakness of liberalism system :
a. The eccorance of a free fight liberalism
b. The building up of gap between the have and the have not.
“the liberalism started to be popularized by a classical economic figure, Adan smith. He is a Scotland nationality economics who writes book with title ‘The Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nation’ there is statement prosperity of nation will be guaranted if everyone is given freedom to determine oneself what, how much/many, where hoe to conduct economic activity”
3. The centralized economic system
Is one where its arrangement and control of all economics activity is measured by the central government. In this system economic ectivity controlled by state, so private and individual hardly has an opportunity to perform economic activity.
The characteristic of centralized systemeconomic :
a. The activity of economic is arranged and controlled centrally by the state
b. Individual property is not recognized
c. Appliances and production factors are brought under the state.
d. Emphasizing the accoplishment most urgent society than individual requirement.
The excesses centralized economic system :
a. The government is fully responsible toward the economics
b. The government is free to determine the production policy
c. The goods distribution is organized by the government
d. Easy to carry out an inspection and control
e. The implementation of development is faster become because it has been arranged in a planning
The weakness centralized economic system :
a. States and its apparatus have the quality of dominant in arranging the economic system.
b. Individual property is not recognized, so that society is less aware of maintening the economic resources
c. All of the government’s policy should be done by the people and the government has the character of paternalism.
Economic main problem is goods and which should be made, how to produce the goods and service and for whom the goods and service are product.
The system of economic is a method of arrangement in the economic field, such as production, distribution and consumption in the effort of improving people prosperity.
The system economic can be influenced by :
1. Ideology
2. History
3. Culture
Purpose of an aconomic system is in order that the economic activities are carried out to become one organized orderly, harmonious, and out of disorder unity.
Kind Of economic System
1. Traditional System
Is one which still makes use of traditional to arrange the whole life aspect and behavior.
The characteristic of traditional economic system :
a. Depending on the nature
b. The activity is performed accord with tradition/habit
c. Technological levelis still very simple
d. The activity is still limited to accomplish the principle or main requirement
e. The society are unwilling to accept modernity
f. The exchange system or barter still exists
• The advantage this system is laid on kinship relationship, civic minded and very strong solidarity and not egoistic
• The weakness of traditional economic system is unwilling to accept change or innovation from outside, so that the product yielded is very small, quality is relatively lower and do not grow.
2. Liberal Economic System
Is which gives freedom to individual or private institution to carry oout economic activity according to their own consideration.
Liberalism system has characteristic :
a. Each individual is free to have goods and production devices.
b. The economic activity in all sectors is measured by the society (private sector)
c. The government does not intervere directly in economic activity
d. Capital plays an important role in economic activity
e. Everyone is given free rein in the case of usage of goods and service
f. The production activity is performed with a purpose to look for maximum profit
g. There is free competition between one company with another
The advantages from liberalism economic system :
a. Freedom to choose the production devices and capital
b. Authorship of running a business, choosing a professiona and determining consumption
c. There are competition among the entrepreneurs
The weakness of liberalism system :
a. The eccorance of a free fight liberalism
b. The building up of gap between the have and the have not.
“the liberalism started to be popularized by a classical economic figure, Adan smith. He is a Scotland nationality economics who writes book with title ‘The Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nation’ there is statement prosperity of nation will be guaranted if everyone is given freedom to determine oneself what, how much/many, where hoe to conduct economic activity”
3. The centralized economic system
Is one where its arrangement and control of all economics activity is measured by the central government. In this system economic ectivity controlled by state, so private and individual hardly has an opportunity to perform economic activity.
The characteristic of centralized systemeconomic :
a. The activity of economic is arranged and controlled centrally by the state
b. Individual property is not recognized
c. Appliances and production factors are brought under the state.
d. Emphasizing the accoplishment most urgent society than individual requirement.
The excesses centralized economic system :
a. The government is fully responsible toward the economics
b. The government is free to determine the production policy
c. The goods distribution is organized by the government
d. Easy to carry out an inspection and control
e. The implementation of development is faster become because it has been arranged in a planning
The weakness centralized economic system :
a. States and its apparatus have the quality of dominant in arranging the economic system.
b. Individual property is not recognized, so that society is less aware of maintening the economic resources
c. All of the government’s policy should be done by the people and the government has the character of paternalism.
PERKEMBANGAN BUDAYA PADA MASA KOLONIAL EROPA
Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan bangsa Eropa datang ke Indonesia :
1. jatuhnya Konstantinopel kepada Turki Ottoman
2. Eropa sulit mendapatkan barang dagangan khususnya rempah-rempah
3. semangat gold, glory dan gospel
4. kemajuan ilmu dan tekhnologi khususnya dibidang pelayaran dan navigasi
Masa Portugis
1. menyebarnya agama kristen oleh para pastor dengan tokohnya Franciscus Xaverius.
2. mengenal budaya sewa tanah dan pengupahan bagi para petani
3. mulainya pembangunan jalan kereta api jalur Semarang-Jogya oleh perusahaan Poolman
4. mengenal senjata meriam, seperti Nyai Setomi, si Jagur, Ki amuk
5. mengenal lagu keroncong
Malaka Jatuh ke Portugis
Berdampak :
1. saudagar Islam menjadi sulit berdagang
2. Islam menyebar luas melalui selatan Sumatra
3. tumbuhnya kerajaan Islam di pulau Jawa
Maluku didatangi Portugis pada tahun 1512 dan mendapatkan perlawanan dari Sultan Baabulah. Portugis meninggalkan Maluku tahun 1575.
Masa Inggris
Mendirikan EIC (East India Company)
Menguasai Indonesia dipimpin oleh Thomas Stamford Raffles.
Program Raffles :
1. menghapuskan sistem kerja paksa
2. menghapuskan hongi
3. melarang perbudakan
Masa Belanda
Berdirinya VOC
• 1596, Vournelis de Houtman mendarat di Banten
• Untuk menghadapi persaingan dengan bangsa Eropa lainnya, belanda mendirikan VOC (Vereenigde Oost Compagnie)
• VOC memiliki hak Octrooi, yaitu hak untuk membuat uang sendiri, memiliki angkatan perang dan membuat pejanjian.
• 1618, Jan Pieterzoon Coen mendirikan markas VOC di Batavia dengan alasan :
• letaknya yang strategis
• lebih mudah menghadapi saingannya yaitu portugis dan Sanyol
• 31 Desember 1799, VOC secara resmi dibubarkan karena bangkrut.
Kamis, 02 April 2009
KREATIFITAS DAN INOVASI
Kreatifitas adalah kemampuan untuk menciptakan atau membuat sesuatu hal.
Invention adalah penemuan atas produk atau barang yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.
Secara garis besar pengertian kreatifitas adalah :
Menurut Guilford mengemukakan pengertian kreatifitas dapat dilihat dari lima ciri, yaitu :
1. Kelancaran (Fluency), yaitu kemampuan untuk memproduksi banyak gagasan
2. Keluwesan (flexibility), yaitu kemampuan untuk mengajukan bermacam-macam pendekatan atau jalan pemecahan masalah
3. Keaslian (originality), yaitu kemampuan untuk melahirkan gagasan asli sebagai hasil pemikiran sendiri dan tidak klise
4. Penguraian (elaboration), yaitu kemampuan menguraikan sesuatu secara terperinci
5. Perumusan kembali (redefinitaion), yaitu kemampuan untuk mengkaji kembali sesuatu persoalan melalui cara yang berbeda dengan apa yang sudah lazim.
Conny R. Semiawan mengemukakan pengertian kreatifitas sebagai kemampuan untuk memberikan gagasan baru dan menerapkannya dalam pemecahan masalah.
Utami Munandar mengemukakan bahwa kreatifitas adalah kemampuan mengkombinasi, memecahkan masalah dan cermianan kemampuan operasional manusia.
Rogers (1982) mengemukakan bahwa kreiteria produk kreatif adalah :
1. Nyata (observable)
2. Baru
3. Hasil dari kualitas unik individu dalam interaksi dengan lingkungannya.
Salah satu bentuk kreatifitas manusia diantaranya adalah proses penciptaan uang yang terus berubah disesuikan dengan perkembangan jaman.
Invention adalah penemuan atas produk atau barang yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.
Secara garis besar pengertian kreatifitas adalah :
Menurut Guilford mengemukakan pengertian kreatifitas dapat dilihat dari lima ciri, yaitu :
1. Kelancaran (Fluency), yaitu kemampuan untuk memproduksi banyak gagasan
2. Keluwesan (flexibility), yaitu kemampuan untuk mengajukan bermacam-macam pendekatan atau jalan pemecahan masalah
3. Keaslian (originality), yaitu kemampuan untuk melahirkan gagasan asli sebagai hasil pemikiran sendiri dan tidak klise
4. Penguraian (elaboration), yaitu kemampuan menguraikan sesuatu secara terperinci
5. Perumusan kembali (redefinitaion), yaitu kemampuan untuk mengkaji kembali sesuatu persoalan melalui cara yang berbeda dengan apa yang sudah lazim.
Conny R. Semiawan mengemukakan pengertian kreatifitas sebagai kemampuan untuk memberikan gagasan baru dan menerapkannya dalam pemecahan masalah.
Utami Munandar mengemukakan bahwa kreatifitas adalah kemampuan mengkombinasi, memecahkan masalah dan cermianan kemampuan operasional manusia.
Rogers (1982) mengemukakan bahwa kreiteria produk kreatif adalah :
1. Nyata (observable)
2. Baru
3. Hasil dari kualitas unik individu dalam interaksi dengan lingkungannya.
Salah satu bentuk kreatifitas manusia diantaranya adalah proses penciptaan uang yang terus berubah disesuikan dengan perkembangan jaman.
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